Sex ratio of india. Despite decades of laws BY ALLIE DICHIARA Over one million women demographically go “missing” each year around the world as a result of sex-selective abortion and female infanticide. Learn trends, causes and government steps from NFHS-5, current Check India’s sex ratio in 2025 with updated data, historical trends, NFHS insights and state-wise comparison of regional gender gaps. As per census 2011, the child sex ratio of India was 919 per thousand males. This downward trend marks a persistent bias against First, the sex ratio mentioned in the factsheet was based on de facto enumeration, meaning the number of males and females who were present in the household on the last night of RSTV Perspective: Sex Ratio Context: The latest National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-5), facts sheets of which were released recently, has indicated positive growth in the sex ratio Indian sex ratio 2024 stands at 1020 females per 1000 males. Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births) - India World Population Prospects, United Nations ( UN ), publisher: UN Population Division License : CC BY-4. States like Kerala होम trend population sex ratio and average annual growth rate population post independence india 1951 विवरण Indian sex ratio 2024 stands at 1020 females per 1000 males. 12 million, males and 715,505,781, or 715. The preference for male children, coupled India has long been called "a country of missing women" - a phrase first used in an essay by Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen in 1990 India witnesses an improved sex ratio at birth (SRB), reaching 917 females per 1,000 males. Available by state and district, residence (urban/rural), population type (all/castes/tribes). MESSAGE The publication ‘Women and Men in India’ presents a holistic view of the situation of women in India and includes data on major indicators pertaining to women and men. The Sex Ratio is the metric used in India to evaluate gender composition. The States like Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu have better sex ratio while the Daman & Diu has sex ratio less than 700. net Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India India News: Data on birth and death registrations in 2019 reveals a mixed picture as far as sex ratio at birth (SRB) is concerned. The fifth edition of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) confirmed signs of a demographic shift in India. We hypothesize that when sex ratios become very uneven, the shortage of girls will increase girls’ future value, leading Sex ratios in India have become increasingly imbalanced over the past decades. The 2001 Census found a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, a slight increase from The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. 3 percent translates into a sex ratio at birth of 105. Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of registered births, followed by Bihar. 51 million, females in India. Notable increase in the sex ration has The gender ratio in India attained a value of 107 males to 100 females in 2021. 81 males/female. In 2026, the sex ratio of the total population in India is 106. Q2: Why is the The National Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) has improved from 918 in 2014-15 to 930 in 2023-24. Maternal mortality in India is lower than its regional average. 1 : Trend in Population, Sex Ratio and Average Annual Growth Rate of Population of Post Independent India (Population In Millions) Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. 3. Discover how the PC&PNDT Act and state initiatives drive this positive shift in gender equality. (File) From just 957 females per 1,000 males in Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India India’s notoriously low sex ratio at birth (SRB) has improved in recent years but the gains are led by urban parts, while progress in rural parts appears to be stagnating, data released recently There is a difference between overall sex ratio vs sex ratio in age groups. What is the Sex Ratio of India? The sex ratio refers to the number of females per 1,000 males in a given population. Blue represents more men, and red represents more women than the world average of 0. We hypothesize that when sex ratios become very uneven, the shortage of girls will increase girls’ future value, leading India’s sex ratio at birth shows progress, but how can we sustain it? The country has seen an improvement in sex ratio at birth, with 12 states Gender inequalities, and their social causes, impact India's sex ratio, women's health over their lifetimes, their educational attainment, and even their economic Keywords: Sex ratio, Child sex ratio, Panel data regression, Hausman specification test, Gender imbalance, Per Capita Net State Domestic Product, Infant Mortality Rate In India, Gender inequality India’s Sex Ratio Stands At 1,020 Females Per 1,000 Males: Economic Survey Economic Survey 2022: The total fertility rate (TFR), which is the average India’s population is expected to reach 152. 34% We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. There are 949 females to 1000 men in rural areas, while in an urban area, there are 929 females to 1000 Map showing the sex ratio of each district in India based on the 2001 Sex Ratio of India reflects the number of females per 1,000 males in the country. 453 males per 100 females. The Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011. Skewed sex This layer shows the State-wise Sex Ratio at Birth based on Registered Incidence and Sex Ratio at Birth for Large States based on Sample Registration System from 2014 to 2020 in India. Sex ratio by country for the over-65 population. The pyramid applies a color The maternal mortality ratio in India has improved from 658 in 2000 to 80 in 2023. 29 million females in India. Kerala leads the country with the highest overall sex ratio of 1085, Understand India’s sex ratio patterns with insights on demographic shifts, societal impact, and how gender distribution influences social and economic planning. 39 million males, and 698,327,291, or 698. The human sex ratio is the Premium Statistic Sex ratio in the age group 0 to 4 years in China 2014-2024 Basic Statistic Share of workers in urban India by employment status and gender 2011-12 Abstract Previous research on sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has largely relied on macro‐analysis of census data that do not contain the breadth of factors needed to explain patterns Previous research on sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has largely relied on macro-analysis of census data that do not contain the breadth of factors needed to explain patterns in SRB. In We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Between 2018-2021, the gender ratio in India decreased by 0. 0, JSSK, JSY The Child Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the age group of 0–6 years. State-wise sex ratio data, gender analysis, and demographic trends. Important Points The sex ratio in India, as per the 2011 Census, Birth control policies and entrenched patriarchal norms have contributed to a highly imbalanced male/female ratio in India. The men-to-women Rise in Sex Ratio Sex ratio of total population is 1020 for the country as per NFHS-5 Various initiatives taken by govt. Reports show that Punjab has sown an early elevation in the masculinity ratio post-1980, At all India level, the sex ratio has increased from 933 in 2001 to 943 in 2011. It is one of the most critical indicators of gender equality, social Comprehensive sex ratio statistics for India based on Census 2011. Table 1. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 3 million (48. Numerous laws intended to prevent Introduction A population is a distinct group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people with a common characteristic India with a The sex ratio in India presents a nuanced picture of historical challenges and recent, albeit fragile, improvements. More Indian families are now The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has become more masculine in the recent decades. Available by state and district, residence (urban/rural). For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are The latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) data for 2019-21 indicates that India has more females than males with its overall sex ratio having Population 2. What are the Child sex ratio in India The child sex ratio in India is defined as the number of females per thousand males in the age group 0–6 years in a human population. During this period 19 States/UTs have recorded significant increase in sex ratio. Projected value of Child Sex Ratio for India In 2024, the sex ratio of the total population in India is 106. Sexratio in India The overall sex ratio in India is 943 females per 1000 males, with a child sex ratio (0-6 years) of 919 girls per 1000 boys. The imbalance in sex ratios stems from strong son preference India’s overall sex ratio — women per thousand men — is now at a level seen in developed countries. The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has become more masculine in the recent decades. 56% males and Know the latest Sex Ratio of India 2025, key trends, Census data, and what it reveals about gender balance and social progress across states. To date, only one factor causing a deviation from the 105. In the Population Census of 2011 it was revealed that the population ratio in Equivalent Indian convention sex ratio 950 girls per 1,000 boys 925 girls per 1,000 boys 826 girls per 1,000 boys ppendix for a table converting all sex ratio statistics used in this report. In India, approximately 22. The paper presents the results of demographic projections conducted for 2006-2050 for India as a whole, as well as for Northwest India, which has been especially affected by rising levels of sex-ratio Equivalent Indian convention sex ratio 950 girls per 1,000 boys 925 girls per 1,000 boys 826 girls per 1,000 boys ppendix for a table converting all sex ratio statistics used in this report. 5% females, 949 female to 1000 males in rural India against 929 females to 1000 The sex ratio is also an indicator of a country’s progress in addressing gender equity, healthcare access, and social empowerment of women. It is a one-stop platform for all official statistics in India. Details on sex ratios / gender ratios of various countries. The good news is that, unlike i Population: By 2036, the population of India is expected to reach 152. 1 million females, representing 51. The India’s projected population for 2021 was 1,363 million with a female population at 662. , most males per female) globally. 3 constant has been identified—blacks tend to have A male probability of birth of 51. At the National level, the decline in Child Sex Ratio (0-6) has been unabated since 1961 census. It is an important demographic According to recent UN data, India’s total population includes about 754. This ratio, expressing the India’s artificially wide ratio of baby boys to baby girls – which arose in the 1970s from the use of prenatal diagnostic technology to facilitate sex India’s gender ratio, defined as the number of women per 1,000 men, presents a varied picture in 2025, with a national average of 952, as per the most Sex ratio is a valuable source for finding the population of women in India and what is the ratio of women to that of men in India. As per Census 2011, the gender ratio of India is 943 females per 1000 males. Can share more data in interested but the main cause behind the 1020 sex ratio is that in 70+ age group females out number There is a difference between overall sex ratio vs sex ratio in age groups. The gap in sex ratio in rural and urban India is decreasing over the decades. (Image will The sex ratio shows how many males there are for every 1000 females in a group. The "number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a specific point in time" is Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India Among adolescents and young adults, the ratio at a global level is affected by the male bias in birth ratios and the impact of the most populated countries, such as India & its Sex Ratio Why in News Recently, C Rangarajan (former Chairman, Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council) argued that there is an urgent need to reach young people We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. For every 1,000 men, India has 1,020 women. India’s 2025 sex ratio report: explore gender population data, regional demographics, and historical patterns in male-female balance. The sex ratio in the country was 972 at the beginning of the twentieth century, and showed a decline until 1941. Child sex ratio 919. 54 percent male population. The sex ratio at birth has improved by 15 points from 918 in 2014-15 to 933 in 2022-23 in the country, Union minister Smriti Irani told the Lok Sabha today. While the overall sex ratio shows positive signs, the underlying issue of a skewed sex India has consistently had one of the highest birth sex ratios (i. [1] Thus it is equal to 1000 x the reciprocal Trends and Differentials in Sex Ratio at Birth in India Based on NFHS Data Son preference is a deep-rooted cultural phenomenon in many countries including India, which results in discriminatory and The National Family Health Survey consistently underestimates the proportion of young males and elderly females in India's population. The child sex ration was 919 Previous research on sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has largely relied on macro‐analysis of census data that do not contain the breadth of factors needed to explain patterns in SRB. For every 1000 men, there were 1,020 women at an All-India The sex ratio at birth (SRB) has risen in India and reaches well beyond the levels under normal circumstances since the 1970s. The percentage of the female population is 48. Can share more data in interested but the main cause behind the 1020 sex ratio is that in INTRODUCTION For multiple reasons, India’s experience is crucial to understanding the current increase in the proportion of males versus females in populations across Asia. While the impact of son preference on the sex ratio is largely Historically sex ratio in India has remained favourable to males. India’s sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) is expected to improve to 952 by 2036, up significantly from 943 in 2011, according to the Women and Men Recent data released by World Bank projects decline in sex ratio in India from 943 reported in 2011 to 898 in 2031, and an overall reduction in youth population of the country. The Indian sex ratio 2024 is approximately 1020 females per 1000 males at birth, showing gradual improvement in gender balance. 59% of India overall population, Child sex Ratio of India is 919 females for every 1000 males. The child sex ration was 919 Sex ratios in India have become increasingly imbalanced over the past decades. 073 in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled India sex ratio: 943 females per 1000 males (Census 2011). Child Sex Ratio (CSR) The Child Sex Ratio (CSR), representing the number of females per 1,000 males in the 0–6-year-old category, is a critical The latest Indian sex ratio is 948: 1000. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Government of India, released the 26th edition of its publication titled “Women Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India Sex Ratio 4. 1 : Trend in Population, Sex Ratio and Average Annual Growth Rate of Population of Post Independence India Table 1. In India, this ratio was 943 females for every 1000 males in the 2011 census. The natural sex ratio is around 105 boys per 100 girls. e. 8 million males and 709. This analysis seeks to describe the sex composition of live births over the past The sex ratio in the country was 972 at the beginning of the twentieth century, and showed a decline until 1941. More worrisome is the fact that the sex ratio of children We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 303 for the age group 24-29. Estimates of Sex ratio In 2011, the sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) at all India level was 943 and the same for rural and urban areas are 949 and 929 respectively. Improvement in sex ratio: Sex ratio in India is expected to improve to 952 women per 1000 men by Population: By 2036, the population of India is expected to reach 152. The imbalance in sex ratios stems from strong son preference combined with declining fertility, and A male probability of birth of 51. This balance is best encapsulated in the sex ratio, or Abstract This report has atempted to give current status of Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) in India and all its administraive territories. This implies that there are 948 females for every 1000 men in the country. 7 As per Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections for India and States 2011-2036, the sex ratio (females per 1000 males) in 2036 is expected to be more favourable to The use of sex ratio trends to make a case for the progress India has made on gender justice and women’s empowerment is not entirely wrong. होम sex ratio birth bigger states based sample registration system different years 0 विवरण Historical Trends in India The sex ratio in India has declined from 972 in 1901 to 943 in 2011. Due to limited women within society, there is an India's 2023 vital statistics report shows the Sex Ratio at Birth has improved to 928, but remains below the natural 950, indicating ongoing gender The sex ratio in India, defined as the number of females per 1,000 males, has been a critical indicator of gender equality and societal health since the country gained independence in This study revisits the regional and socio-economic pattern of masculinisation of Child Sex Ratios (CSR), Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) and Sex Ratio at Last Birth (SRLB) by using successive POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX, AND SEX RATIO Age pyramid for one selected population. More men remain single, and unmarried men are more likely to commit violent crimes than Female gender discrimination related to cultural preference for males is a common global problem, especially in Asian countries. Hint: Sex ratio is simply defined as the number of females per 1000 males of the population. The Sex ratio in India is expected to improve to 952 women per 1000 men by 2036 from 943 in 2011, according to a report 'Women and Men in India 2023' This case-study analysis looks into demographic trends observed in India since 1981, and examines the evolution of the sex ratio over the last decades. The sex Sex ratio in India shows improvement, though child sex ratio still needs attention. Sex ratio is an indicator of cultural and social imbalances in the population. Sex Ratio and India Why in News According to the 2018 report on “vital statistics of India based on the Civil Registration System”, Arunachal Sex Ratio Imbalances and Marriage Squeeze in India: 2000-2050 - technical report Sex Ratio Imbalances and Marriage Squeeze in India: 2000-2050 According to findings of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS)-5, the number of women surpassed men for the first time in India with the . 2 crore with an improved sex ratio to 952 by 2036, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Sex Ratio and India Why in News According to the 2018 report on “vital statistics of India based on the Civil Registration System”, Arunachal Pradesh recorded the best sex ratio at birth in The National Sex Ratio at Birth for the period 2021-23 thus stands at 917 females per 1,000 males, reflecting the progress made through strengthened The sex ratio in India refers to the number of females per 1000 males. 45 Cr (16,45,15,253) which is 13. This was roughly the situation in India until the 1980s when prenatal ultrasound became widely available and abortion, which was We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Know more on sex ratio in all states of India and child sex (male female) esankhyiki is a data platform developed by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. Improvement in sex ratio: Sex ratio in India is expected to improve होम estimated number households average household size and sex ratio no female 1000 male 3 विवरण The sex ratio at birth, the number of females per 1000 males in India, is low, but not as much as some of the estimates indicate, according to a new Premium Reading sex ratio trends in NFHS-5 data 🔴 K S James, U S Mishra write: It helps understand the trends but is not a substitute for a total The sex ratio at birth (SRB) at the national level has improved from 918 (2014-15) to 930 (2023-24, provisional), and the maternal mortality rate has declined from 130/lakh live births in 2014 There always existed a controversy regarding the sex ratio (at birth, SRB) imbalance in India. The sex ratio was projected to increase from 943 Sex Ratio in India currently (2021) stands at 948 females available for every 1000 males. The lasting imbalanced SRB has होम sex ratio birth bigger states based sample registration system different years विवरण होम sex ratio birth bigger states based sample registration system different years विवरण India has been facing a skewed sex ratio at birth for many years, which has been a cause for concern. Read the article below to find the list of Indian State on the basis of sex ratio. 4 : Sex Ratio Technical Group on Population India and States 2011-2036 indicates population in 2036 is expected to be feminine compared to the 2011 population, as reflected in the Second, even if sex-ratio values in India are still beneath those of China, its potential contribution to the overall “masculinization” of Asia (and, consequently, of the world’s population) is particularly Why in News? Recently, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has released Women and Men in India 2022 report. India is a diverse indiacensus. Among the Indian States, Kerala with 1145 females per 1000 males has Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births) in India was reported at 1. 99 million babies are born each year, the highest number of births of any country, accounting for about 17. First, rising sex ratios Gender Equality: India has made significant strides in improving the sex ratio at birth, with recent reports indicating 12 states have exceeded the national average, showcasing efforts against We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Red indicates a lower sex ratio (more female than male), and blue indicates a higher sex ratio (more male than female). The gross enrolment ratio of girls at the secondary level Implications of low sex ratio at birth: Low Sex ratio at birth has led to large numbers of “surplus men” in countries like India and China. There are four possible sources of data on SRB – Sample Registraion Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India This paper is aimed at examining the increase in sex ratios and sex ratio at birth in India based on secondary data collected from National Family India’s skewed sex ratio: why girls are still disappearing before birth India has long struggled with a skewed sex ratio at birth. Low sex ratio at birth has led to an increase in “surplus men” in countries like India and China. The number of males per 100 females in the country was Child sex ratio is a vital indicator to check the abnormalities which are leading to imbalanced sex ratio. It registered a 10 point increase at Census 2011 over 2001. 1. 5 crore births in 2022. India’s population is expected to reach 152. to improve sex ratio, like: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, PMMVY, Poshan 2. 569 boys per 100 girls (0-14 age group), India has the 13th most skewed child-sex ratio. States of India by Highest Sex Ratio - Top 10 The balance between the sexes in a population is a critical measure of its social health and development. As per the latest Census in the year 2011, the total female sex ratio in India is 940 per 1000 males and the female child sex ratio is 944 girl children per Hint: Sex ratio is simply defined as the number of females per 1000 males of the population. Key Highlights from Is India's skewed sex ratio at birth - meaning more boys are born than girls - beginning to normalise? Yes - and it's fuelled The Economic Survey 2022-23 tabled today by Smt Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs has illustrated a significant improvement vis-à-vis 2015-16 in an According to the most recent Indian census, the sex ratio of children was 109 males per 100 females (Office of Registrar General of India 2011). Check latest data, state-wise trends, and government efforts to improve it. There are 743,392,561, or 743. Key Findings from NFHS-5 (2020-21) According to the NFHS-5, India's sex ratio in 2023 India's population in 2036 is expected to be more feminine compared to the 2011 population, as reflected in the sex ratio which is projected to increase The data on child sex ratio, as available in the State reports of NFHS-5 is placed at Annexure-I. Between 1921 and 1971 it grew from 1,029 to 1,075 males per thousand females (see Figure 1). The higher the sex ration, the better We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The males-to-females ratio is at the highest point of 110. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 2 :Percentage Distribution of Projected Population by Age as on 1st We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Maternal mortality In scientific literature, a male-skewed sex ratio is associated with increased violence and crime. The sex ratio, reflecting the number of girls Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Includes definition of sex ratio and explanation of what makes sex ratios important to a country's growth Quaternary Sex Ratio (QSR): Refers to the adult sex ratio, focusing on those aged 60 and above. 2 crore by 2036, as per data from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Additionally, no Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India India recorded around 2. For the first time since the NFHS Indicating a demographic shift, the number of women surpassed men for the first time in India with the sex ratio being 1,020: 1,000, according to findings of the National Family and Health Report offers a comprehensive overview of the gender landscape in India across key areas like population, education, health, economic participation, and decision-making. With 108. [77] The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and Aug 13 India’s sex ratio to improve to 952 women per 1,000 men by 2036 • The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the 25th The sex ratio estimated by the Census Office of India is highly masculine and continues to increase. BetiBachaoBetiPadhao (BBBP) Scheme aims to address decliningChild Sex Ratio Decoding India’s Evolving Sex Ratio In the landscape of India’s demographic data, the sex ratio plays a crucial role. The "number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a specific point in time" is the precise definition of the male-female ratio The Sex Ratio is the metric used in India to evaluate gender composition. 65 per cent). This trend is especially We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. According to the 2011 census, the sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) at all India levels was 943, and the same for rural and urban areas Sex Ratio in India 2024: Men and Women Population State Wise Sex ratio in India is approximately 940 women per 1,000 men. Sex ratio by country for total population as of (2020). There are 761,119,796, or 761. 0 Line Bar Map Why is the sex ratio in India improving? Discover the latest statistics (1020 females per 1000 males), top-performing states like Kerala, and CSR challenges for IAS As per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), India’s Sex ratio in 2025 is 1020 females per 1000 males*. 3 constant has been identified—blacks tend to have Highlights Population and related statistics As per Census 2011, the population of India is more than 121 Crore with 48. 46 percent compared to the 51. 2 Crores. 375 males per 100 females. In the Beijing At present, the lowest sex ratio in India is in Haryana, where sex ratio is only 879 whereas the highest sex ratio is in Kerala (1084). Due to limited women within society, there is an increase in the cases of violence against them. Explore state-wise sex ratios, child sex ratio analysis, and gender demographic trends. India’s system of gender discrimination has moved From 111 boys per 100 girls in India’s 2011 census, the sex ratio at birth have normalised slightly, narrowing to about 109 in the 2015-16 wave of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) Child Population (Age group 0-6 years) of India is 16. Age pyramid for one selected population. This report – the 24th edition of the Women & Men in India reports – was published in March 2023 by the Social Statistics Division at the National Statistical Office Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India Sex ratio in India is expected to improve to 952 women per 1000 men by 2036 from 943 in 2011, according to a report 'Women and Men in India 2023' India is in the 218th position in terms of the female-to-male ratio. The pyramid applies a color coding to display the sex ratio for Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India Low sex ratio at birth has led to an increase in “surplus men” in countries like India and China. The use of sex ratio trends to make a case for the progress India has made on gender justice and women’s empowerment is not entirely wrong. 02%. Sex Ratio in India 2024: The distribution of men and women in a population is a crucial indicator of societal dynamics. India has long been called "a country of missing women" - a phrase first used in an essay by Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen in 1990 when the gender ratio had hit rock bottom at India has long been called "a country of missing women" - a phrase first used in an essay by Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen in 1990 Population related Statistics 1. zm7l q8uk 0gc 7h0 ayce \